Elektrický kladkostroj s automatickým brzdovým systémem

Co je automatický brzdový systém?

Automatický brzdový systém je bezpečnostní mechanismus navržený tak, aby se v případě specifické poruchy okamžitě aktivoval a zastavil náklad, most commonly a power loss or operational cessation. Its core principle is “fail-safe” – meaning it defaults to a safe state (braked) when power is removed. An operator does not need to activate it manually; it functions independently as an integral part of the hoist’s design.

Why is it Non-Negotiable?

The primary risks when lifting heavy loads are:

• 1. Load Dropping: A sudden failure could cause the load to free-fall, leading to catastrophic equipment damage, severe injury, or loss of life.
• 2. Uncontrolled Lowering: Even a slow, uncontrolled descent can be dangerous, making precise positioning impossible and creating a hazard.

The automatic brake eliminates these risks by instantly holding the load securely in place, allowing for a controlled and safe response to the situation.

Common Types of Automatic Brakes in Electric Hoists

Several brake technologies are employed, each with its own advantages:

1. Electromagnetic Disc Brakes (Most Common):

This is the industry standard for modern electric hoists. It consists of a stationary electromagnetic coil and a rotating armature disc connected to the motor shaft.

• How it works: When power is supplied to the hoist motor, it is simultaneously supplied to the electromagnetic coil. The coil creates a magnetic field that pulls in the armature, compressing a set of springs and disengaging the brake pads from the disc, allowing the motor to turn freely.
• The “Automatic” Action: The moment power is cut—intentionally by the operator or unexpectedly due to a power outage—the electromagnetic field collapses. The compressed springs instantly release their energy, forcing the brake pads against the disc and bringing the load to a secure stop. This spring-applied, power-released design is the epitome of fail-safe operation.

2. Mechanical Load Brakes:

Often found in worm gear hoists, this system is purely mechanical and operates based on the direction of force.

• How it works: The brake is integrated into the gear system. When the motor is lifting the load, the gearing naturally tries to back-drive the motor. This action automatically engages the brake mechanism, preventing reversal. The motor must overcome this brake force to lift. When power is stopped, the inherent back-driving force immediately and automatically locks the brake, holding the load.

3. Regenerative Dynamic Braking (A Complementary System):

While not a physical holding brake, this electronic system works in tandem with the main mechanical brake.

• How it works: During lowering, the motor acts as a generator, converting the potential energy of the descending load into electrical energy, which is then dissipated as heat through resistors. This provides smooth, controlled descent and reduces the duty cycle and wear on the primary mechanical brake. In a power loss scenario, the dynamic braking effect ceases, and the mechanical automatic brake takes over.

Key Applications and Benefits

Electric hoists with automatic brakes are indispensable wherever safety and precision are paramount:

• 1. Výrobní & Assembly Lines: Ensuring tools and components are held securely overhead.
• 2. Staveniště: Safely lifting building materials to great heights.
• 3. Skladování & Logistika: Preventing loads from dropping onto workers or inventory.
• 4. Mining and Offshore Industries: In harsh environments where reliability is critical.

The benefits are clear:

• 1. Zvýšená bezpečnost: Drastically reduces the risk of accidents.
• 2. Load Security: Provides operators with confidence that the load will not drift or fall.
• 3. Improved Precision: Allows for accurate load spotting and positioning.
• 4. Regulatory Compliance: Meets or exceeds stringent international safety standards (NAPŘ., OSHA, ASME B30.16).
• 5. Equipment Protection: Prevents damage to the hoist and the load from uncontrolled movements.

The automatic brake system is not merely an accessory for an electric hoist; it is its most vital safety organ. It is the silent guardian that operates without command, ensuring that the immense power used to lift a load is matched by an equal capacity to control and secure it. When selecting an electric hoist, the presence, type, and quality of its automatic brake system should be a primary consideration, as it is the ultimate feature that protects your personnel, your assets, and your peace of mind.